[출제의도] 함수의 연속을 활용하여 문제해결하기
∣ x − 1 k ∣ < 1 \displaystyle \left| \frac{x - 1}{k} \right| < 1 k x − 1 < 1 일 때,
lim n → ∞ ( x − 1 k ) 2 n = 0 \displaystyle \lim\limits _{n \rightarrow \infty} {\left( \frac{x - 1}{k} \right) ^{2 n}} = 0 n → ∞ lim ( k x − 1 ) 2 n = 0 이므로
1 − k < x < 1 + k 1 - k < x < 1 + k 1 − k < x < 1 + k 에서
f ( x ) = lim n → ∞ ( x − 1 k ) 2 n − 1 ( x − 1 k ) 2 n + 1 = 0 − 1 0 + 1 = − 1 \displaystyle f \left( x \right) = \lim\limits _{n \rightarrow \infty} {\frac{\left( \frac{x - 1}{k} \right) ^{2 n} - 1}{\left( \frac{x - 1}{k} \right) ^{2 n} + 1}} = \frac{0 - 1}{0 + 1} = \mathit{-} 1 f ( x ) = n → ∞ lim ( k x − 1 ) 2 n + 1 ( k x − 1 ) 2 n − 1 = 0 + 1 0 − 1 = − 1
∣ x − 1 k ∣ > 1 \displaystyle \left| \frac{x - 1}{k} \right| > 1 k x − 1 > 1 일 때,
lim n → ∞ ( x − 1 k ) 2 n = ∞ \displaystyle \lim\limits _{n \rightarrow \infty} {\left( \frac{x - 1}{k} \right) ^{2 n}} = \infty n → ∞ lim ( k x − 1 ) 2 n = ∞
lim n → ∞ 1 ( x − 1 k ) 2 n = lim n → ∞ ( k x − 1 ) 2 n = 0 \displaystyle \lim\limits _{n \rightarrow \infty} {\frac{1}{\left( \frac{x - 1}{k} \right) ^{2 n}}} = \lim\limits _{n \rightarrow \infty} {\left( \frac{k}{x - 1} \right) ^{2 n}} = 0 n → ∞ lim ( k x − 1 ) 2 n 1 = n → ∞ lim ( x − 1 k ) 2 n = 0 이므로
x < 1 − k x < 1 - k x < 1 − k 또는 x > 1 + k x > 1 + k x > 1 + k 에서
f ( x ) f \left( x \right) f ( x ) = lim n → ∞ ( x − 1 k ) 2 n − 1 ( x − 1 k ) 2 n + 1 = lim n → ∞ 1 − ( k x − 1 ) 2 n 1 + ( k x − 1 ) 2 n \displaystyle = \lim\limits _{n \rightarrow \infty} {\frac{\left( \frac{x - 1}{k} \right) ^{2 n} - 1}{\left( \frac{x - 1}{k} \right) ^{2 n} + 1}} = \lim\limits _{n \rightarrow \infty} {\frac{1 - \left( \frac{k}{x - 1} \right) ^{2 n}}{1 + \left( \frac{k}{x - 1} \right) ^{2 n}}} = n → ∞ lim ( k x − 1 ) 2 n + 1 ( k x − 1 ) 2 n − 1 = n → ∞ lim 1 + ( x − 1 k ) 2 n 1 − ( x − 1 k ) 2 n
= 1 − 0 1 + 0 \displaystyle = \frac{1 - 0}{1 + 0} = 1 + 0 1 − 0 = 1 = 1 = 1
∣ x − 1 k ∣ = 1 \displaystyle \left| \frac{x - 1}{k} \right| = 1 k x − 1 = 1 일 때,
lim n → ∞ ( x − 1 k ) 2 n = 1 \displaystyle \lim\limits _{n \rightarrow \infty} {\left( \frac{x - 1}{k} \right) ^{2 n}} = 1 n → ∞ lim ( k x − 1 ) 2 n = 1 이므로
x = 1 − k x = 1 - k x = 1 − k 또는 x = 1 + k x = 1 + k x = 1 + k 에서
f ( x ) = lim n → ∞ ( x − 1 k ) 2 n − 1 ( x − 1 k ) 2 n + 1 = 1 − 1 1 + 1 = 0 \displaystyle f \left( x \right) = \lim\limits _{n \rightarrow \infty} {\frac{\left( \frac{x - 1}{k} \right) ^{2 n} - 1}{\left( \frac{x - 1}{k} \right) ^{2 n} + 1}} = \frac{1 - 1}{1 + 1} = 0 f ( x ) = n → ∞ lim ( k x − 1 ) 2 n + 1 ( k x − 1 ) 2 n − 1 = 1 + 1 1 − 1 = 0
따라서
f ( x ) = { 1 ( x < 1 − k 또는 x > 1 + k ) 0 ( x = 1 − k 또는 x = 1 + k ) − 1 ( 1 − k < x < 1 + k ) \displaystyle f \left( x \right) = {\begin{cases} 1 _{{} _{}} & \left( x < 1 - k \text{또는} x > 1 + k \right) _{{} _{}} \\ 0 _{{} _{}} ^{{} ^{}} & \left( x = 1 - k \text{또는} x = 1 + k \right) _{{} _{}} ^{{} ^{}} \\ - 1 ^{{} ^{}} & \left( 1 - k < x < 1 + k \right) ^{{} ^{}} \end{cases}} f ( x ) = ⎩ ⎨ ⎧ 1 0 − 1 ( x < 1 − k 또는 x > 1 + k ) ( x = 1 − k 또는 x = 1 + k ) ( 1 − k < x < 1 + k )
y = f ( x ) y = f \left( x \right) y = f ( x ) 의 그래프는 그림과 같고 함수 g ( x ) g \left( x \right) g ( x ) 가 실수 전체의 집합에서 연속이므로 lim x → k g ( x ) = g ( k ) \displaystyle \lim\limits _{x \rightarrow k} {g \left( x \right)} = g \left( k \right) x → k lim g ( x ) = g ( k ) 가 성립한다.
lim x → k g ( x ) = lim x → k ( x − k ) 2 = 0 \displaystyle \lim\limits _{x \rightarrow k} {g \left( x \right)} = \lim\limits _{x \rightarrow k} {\left( x - k \right) ^{2}} = 0 x → k lim g ( x ) = x → k lim ( x − k ) 2 = 0 , g ( k ) = ( f ∘ f ) ( k ) g \left( k \right) = \left( f \circ f \right) \left( k \right) g ( k ) = ( f ∘ f ) ( k ) 이므로
( f ∘ f ) ( k ) = 0 \left( f \circ f \right) \left( k \right) = 0 ( f ∘ f ) ( k ) = 0
f ( 1 − k ) = f ( 1 + k ) = 0 f \left( 1 - k \right) = f \left( 1 + k \right) = 0 f ( 1 − k ) = f ( 1 + k ) = 0 이므로
f ( k ) = 1 − k f \left( k \right) = 1 - k f ( k ) = 1 − k 또는 f ( k ) = 1 + k f \left( k \right) = 1 + k f ( k ) = 1 + k
k > 0 k > 0 k > 0 , 1 + k > 1 1 + k > 1 1 + k > 1 이고
f ( x ) f \left( x \right) f ( x ) 의 치역은 { − 1 , 0 , 1 } \left\{ - 1 , 0 , 1 \right\} { − 1 , 0 , 1 } 이므로
1 + k 1 + k 1 + k 는 치역에 속하지 않는다.
∴ \therefore ∴ f ( k ) = 1 − k f \left( k \right) = 1 - k f ( k ) = 1 − k
(ⅰ) 1 − k = 1 1 - k = 1 1 − k = 1 인 경우
k = 0 k = 0 k = 0 이므로 조건에 맞지 않는다.
(ⅱ) 1 − k = 0 1 - k = 0 1 − k = 0 인 경우
k = 1 k = 1 k = 1 이므로
f ( x ) = { 1 ( x < 0 또는 x > 2 ) 0 ( x = 0 또는 x = 2 ) − 1 ( 0 < x < 2 ) \displaystyle f \left( x \right) = {\begin{cases} 1 _{{} _{}} & \left( x < 0 \text{또는} x > 2 \right) _{{} _{}} \\ 0 _{{} _{}} ^{{} ^{}} & \left( x = 0 \text{또는} x = 2 \right) _{{} _{}} ^{{} ^{}} \\ - 1 ^{{} ^{}} & \left( 0 < x < 2 \right) ^{{} ^{}} \end{cases}} f ( x ) = ⎩ ⎨ ⎧ 1 0 − 1 ( x < 0 또는 x > 2 ) ( x = 0 또는 x = 2 ) ( 0 < x < 2 )
f ( f ( 1 ) ) = f ( − 1 ) = 1 ≠ 0 f \left( f \left( 1 \right) \right) = f \left( - 1 \right) = 1 \ne 0 f ( f ( 1 ) ) = f ( − 1 ) = 1 = 0 이므로 조건에 맞지 않는다.
(ⅲ) 1 − k = − 1 1 - k = \mathit{-} 1 1 − k = − 1 인 경우
k = 2 k = 2 k = 2 이므로
f ( x ) = { 1 ( x < − 1 또는 x > 3 ) 0 ( x = − 1 또는 x = 3 ) − 1 ( − 1 < x < 3 ) \displaystyle f \left( x \right) = {\begin{cases} 1 _{{} _{}} & \left( x < - 1 \text{또는} x > 3 \right) _{{} _{}} \\ 0 _{{} _{}} ^{{} ^{}} & \left( x = \mathit{-} 1 \text{또는} x = 3 \right) _{{} _{}} ^{{} ^{}} \\ - 1 ^{{} ^{}} & \left( - 1 < x < 3 \right) ^{{} ^{}} \end{cases}} f ( x ) = ⎩ ⎨ ⎧ 1 0 − 1 ( x < − 1 또는 x > 3 ) ( x = − 1 또는 x = 3 ) ( − 1 < x < 3 )
f ( f ( 2 ) ) = f ( − 1 ) = 0 f \left( f \left( 2 \right) \right) = f \left( - 1 \right) = 0 f ( f ( 2 ) ) = f ( − 1 ) = 0
(ⅰ), (ⅱ), (ⅲ)에 의하여 k = 2 k = 2 k = 2
( g ∘ f ) ( k ) ( g \circ f ) \left( k \right) ( g ∘ f ) ( k ) = g ( f ( 2 ) ) = g \left( f \left( 2 \right) \right) = g ( f ( 2 ) ) = g ( − 1 ) = ( − 1 − 2 ) 2 = 9 = g \left( - 1 \right) = \left( - 1 - 2 \right) ^{2} = 9 = g ( − 1 ) = ( − 1 − 2 ) 2 = 9