[출제의도] 정사영을 활용하여 문제 해결하기
점 P \mathrm{P} P 에서 평면 α \alpha α 에 내린 수선의 발을 H \mathrm{H} H , 점 A \mathrm{A} A 에서 선분 B C \mathrm{BC} BC 에 내린 수선의 발을 I \mathrm{I} I 라 하자.
∠ P A O = π 3 \displaystyle \angle \mathrm{PAO} = \frac{\pi}{3} ∠ PAO = 3 π 이고 O A ‾ = O P ‾ \displaystyle {\overline{{\mathrm{OA}}}} = {\overline{{\mathrm{OP}}}} OA = OP 이므로 삼각형 P A O \mathrm{PAO} PAO 는 정삼각형이다.
P A ‾ = 4 \displaystyle {\overline{\mathrm{PA}}} = 4 PA = 4 , P H ‾ = 2 3 \displaystyle {\overline{\mathrm{PH}}} = 2 \sqrt{3} PH = 2 3 , A H ‾ = O H ‾ = 2 \displaystyle {\overline{\mathrm{AH}}} = {\overline{OH}} = 2 AH = O H = 2
O I ‾ = a \displaystyle {\overline{\mathrm{OI}}} = \mathit{a} OI = a ( a > 0 ) \left( a > 0 \right) ( a > 0 ) 이라 하면 직각삼각형 O I B \mathrm{OIB} OIB 에서
I B ‾ \displaystyle {\overline{\mathrm{IB}}} IB = O B ‾ 2 − O I ‾ 2 = 16 − a 2 \displaystyle = \mathit{\sqrt{{\overline{\mathrm{OB}}} ^{2} - {\overline{\mathrm{OI}}} ^{2}}} = \sqrt{\mathit{16} - a ^{2}} = OB 2 − OI 2 = 16 − a 2
직각삼각형 A I B \mathrm{AIB} AIB 에서
A B ‾ \displaystyle {\overline{\mathrm{AB}}} AB = A I ‾ 2 + I B ‾ 2 \displaystyle = \sqrt{{\overline{\mathrm{AI}}} ^{2} + {\overline{\mathrm{IB}}} ^{2}} = AI 2 + IB 2 = ( a + 4 ) 2 + 16 − a 2 \displaystyle = \sqrt{\left( a + 4 \right) ^{2} + 16 - a ^{2}} = ( a + 4 ) 2 + 16 − a 2 = 8 a + 32 \displaystyle = \sqrt{8 a + 32} = 8 a + 32
직각삼각형 P H I {\mathrm{P}} {\mathrm{HI}} P HI 에서
P I ‾ \displaystyle {\overline{\mathrm{P} \mathrm{I}}} PI = P H ‾ 2 + H I ‾ 2 \displaystyle = \mathrm{\sqrt{{\overline{\mathrm{PH}}} ^{2} + {\overline{HI}} ^{2}}} = PH 2 + HI 2 = ( 2 3 ) 2 + ( a + 2 ) 2 \displaystyle = \sqrt{\left( 2 \sqrt{3} \right) ^{2} + \left( a + 2 \right) ^{2}} = ( 2 3 ) 2 + ( a + 2 ) 2 = a 2 + 4 a + 16 \displaystyle = \sqrt{a ^{2} + 4 a + 16} = a 2 + 4 a + 16
P H ‾ ⊥ α \displaystyle {\overline{\mathrm{PH}}} \perp \alpha PH ⊥ α , H I ‾ ⊥ B C ‾ \displaystyle {\overline{\mathrm{HI}}} \perp {\overline{\mathrm{BC}}} HI ⊥ BC 이므로 삼수선의 정리에 의하여 P I ‾ ⊥ B C ‾ \displaystyle {\overline{\mathrm{P} I}} \perp {\overline{\mathrm{BC}}} P I ⊥ BC 이다.
직각삼각형 P I B \mathrm{P} IB P I B 에서
P B ‾ \displaystyle {\overline{\mathrm{PB}}} PB = P I ‾ 2 + I B ‾ 2 \displaystyle = \mathit{\sqrt{{\overline{\mathrm{P} \mathrm{I}}} ^{2} + {\overline{\mathrm{IB}}} ^{2}}} = PI 2 + IB 2 = ( a 2 + 4 a + 16 ) + ( 16 − a 2 ) \displaystyle = \sqrt{\left( a ^{2} + 4 a + 16 \right) + \left( 16 - a ^{2} \right)} = ( a 2 + 4 a + 16 ) + ( 16 − a 2 ) = 4 a + 32 \displaystyle = \sqrt{4 a + 32} = 4 a + 32
삼각형 P A B \mathrm{PAB} PAB 에서
cos ( ∠ P A B ) \cos \left( \angle \mathrm{PAB} \right) cos ( ∠ PAB ) = A P ‾ 2 + A B ‾ 2 − P B ‾ 2 2 × A P ‾ × A B ‾ \displaystyle = \frac{{\overline{\mathrm{AP}}} ^{2} + {\overline{\mathrm{AB}}} ^{2} - {\overline{\mathrm{PB}}} ^{2}}{2 \times {\overline{\mathrm{AP}}} \times {\overline{\mathrm{AB}}}} = 2 × AP × AB AP 2 + AB 2 − PB 2
= 16 + ( 8 a + 32 ) − ( 4 a + 32 ) 2 × 4 × 8 a + 32 \displaystyle = \frac{16 + \left( 8 a + 32 \right) - \left( 4 a + 32 \right)}{2 \times 4 \times \sqrt{8 a + 32}} = 2 × 4 × 8 a + 32 16 + ( 8 a + 32 ) − ( 4 a + 32 )
= a + 4 4 2 a + 8 \displaystyle = \frac{a + 4}{4 \sqrt{2 a + 8}} = 4 2 a + 8 a + 4
그러므로 10 8 = a + 4 4 2 a + 8 \displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{10}}{8} = \frac{a + 4}{4 \sqrt{2 a + 8}} 8 10 = 4 2 a + 8 a + 4
( a + 4 ) 2 = 5 ( a + 4 ) \left( a + 4 \right) ^{2} = 5 \left( a + 4 \right) ( a + 4 ) 2 = 5 ( a + 4 )
a 2 + 3 a − 4 a ^{2} + 3 a - 4 a 2 + 3 a − 4 = ( a + 4 ) ( a − 1 ) = 0 = \left( a + 4 \right) \left( a - 1 \right) = 0 = ( a + 4 ) ( a − 1 ) = 0
a > 0 a > 0 a > 0 이므로 a = 1 a = 1 a = 1
점 $$B \mathrm{B} B 에서 선분 P A {{\mathrm{PA}}} PA 에 내린 수선의 발을 J \mathrm{J} J 라 하자.
sin ( ∠ P A B ) = B J ‾ A B ‾ = B J ‾ 2 10 \displaystyle \sin \left( \angle \mathrm{PAB} \right) \mathit{=} \frac{{\overline{\mathrm{BJ}}}}{{\overline{\mathrm{AB}}}} = \frac{{\overline{\mathrm{BJ}}}}{2 \sqrt{10}} sin ( ∠ PAB ) = AB BJ = 2 10 BJ
sin ( ∠ P A B ) = 1 − ( 10 8 ) 2 = 3 6 8 \displaystyle \sin \left( \angle \mathrm{PAB} \right) \mathit{=} \sqrt{1 - \left( \frac{\sqrt{10}}{8} \right) ^{2}} = \frac{3 \sqrt{6}}{8} sin ( ∠ PAB ) = 1 − ( 8 10 ) 2 = 8 3 6 이므로
B J ‾ = 3 15 2 \displaystyle {\overline{{\mathrm{BJ}}}} = \frac{3 \sqrt{15}}{2} BJ = 2 3 15
삼각형 P A B \mathrm{PAB} PAB 의 넓이를 S ′ S' S ′ 이라 하자.
S ′ = 1 2 × P A ‾ × B J ‾ = 1 2 × 4 × 3 15 2 = 3 15 \displaystyle S' = \frac{1}{2} \times {\overline{\mathrm{PA}}} \times {\overline{\mathrm{BJ}}} = \frac{1}{2} \times 4 \times \frac{3 \sqrt{15}}{2} = 3 \sqrt{15} S ′ = 2 1 × PA × BJ = 2 1 × 4 × 2 3 15 = 3 15
A B ‾ = A C ‾ \displaystyle {\overline{\mathrm{AB}}} = {\overline{AC}} AB = A C , P B ‾ = P C ‾ \displaystyle {\overline{\mathrm{PB}}} = {\overline{PC}} PB = P C 이므로 두 삼각형 P A B \mathrm{PAB} PAB , P A C \mathrm{PAC} PAC 는 서로 합동이다.
B J ‾ ⊥ A P ‾ \displaystyle {\overline{\mathrm{BJ}}} \perp {\overline{\mathrm{AP}}} BJ ⊥ AP 이므로 C J ‾ ⊥ A P ‾ \displaystyle {\overline{\mathrm{CJ}}} \perp {\overline{\mathrm{AP}}} CJ ⊥ AP 이고 B J ‾ = C J ‾ \displaystyle {\overline{\mathrm{BJ}}} = {\overline{CJ}} BJ = C J
두 평면 P A B \mathrm{PAB} PAB 와 P A C \mathrm{PAC} PAC 가 이루는 예각의 크기를 θ \theta θ 라 하면 B J ‾ ⊥ A P ‾ \displaystyle {\overline{\mathrm{BJ}}} \perp {\overline{\mathrm{AP}}} BJ ⊥ AP , C J ‾ ⊥ A P ‾ \displaystyle {\overline{\mathrm{CJ}}} \perp {\overline{\mathrm{AP}}} CJ ⊥ AP 이므로 θ = ∠ B J C \theta = \angle \mathrm{BJC} θ = ∠ BJC
J B ‾ = J C ‾ = 3 15 2 \displaystyle \mathrm{\overline{JB}} = {\overline{JC}} = \frac{3 \sqrt{15}}{2} JB = J C = 2 3 15 , B C ‾ = 2 15 \displaystyle \mathrm{\overline{BC}} = 2 \sqrt{15} BC = 2 15
cos θ \cos \theta cos θ = J B ‾ 2 + J C ‾ 2 − B C ‾ 2 2 × J B ‾ × J C ‾ \displaystyle = \frac{{\overline{\mathrm{JB}}} ^{2} + {\overline{JC}} ^{2} - {\overline{\mathrm{BC}}} ^{2}}{2 \times {\overline{\mathrm{JB}}} \times {\overline{JC}}} = 2 × JB × J C JB 2 + J C 2 − BC 2 = 2 × ( 3 15 2 ) 2 − 60 2 × ( 3 15 2 ) 2 \displaystyle = \frac{2 \times \left( \frac{3 \sqrt{15}}{2} \right) ^{2} - 60}{2 \times \left( \frac{3 \sqrt{15}}{2} \right) ^{2}} = 2 × ( 2 3 15 ) 2 2 × ( 2 3 15 ) 2 − 60 = 1 9 \displaystyle = \frac{1}{9} = 9 1
S = S ′ × cos θ = 3 15 × 1 9 = 15 3 \displaystyle S = S' \times \mathrm{\cos} \theta = 3 \sqrt{15} \times \frac{1}{9} = \frac{\sqrt{15}}{3} S = S ′ × cos θ = 3 15 × 9 1 = 3 15
따라서 30 × S 2 = 30 × 15 9 = 50 \displaystyle 30 \times S ^{2} = 30 \times \frac{15}{9} = 50 30 × S 2 = 30 × 9 15 = 50